Abstract Penetration estimation is a prerequisite of the automation of backing welding based on vision sensing technology. However. the arc interference in welding process leads to the difficulties of extracting the weld pool characteristic information. which brings great challenges to the penetration estimation. https://www.ivoryjinelle.com/amazing-offer-Ohio-University-Ohio-Bobcats-iPhone-13-Pro-Max-Impact-Case-p22134-limited-grab/